Extractive Resources

There are 1508 resources related to Extractive Resources.


Mining Competition and Violent Conflict in Africa: Pitting Against Each Other

2025 | Journal of Politics
Anouk S. Rigterink, Tarek Ghani, Juan S. Lozano, and Jacob N. Shapiro

Existing explanations for the well-established relationship between mining and conflict predominantly interpret violence near mines as conflict over territory or government. The authors provide evidence…


Big Oil Is Fueling a Rise in Cancer in Iraq's Basra

2025 | New Lines Magazine
Margaux Seigneur and Pauline Gauer

In Aradah, a southern Iraqi town of just over 50,000 people, the end of the day arrives quietly, veiled in a haze that seems to…


China’s Climate Diplomacy and Global Environment Challenges: The Conflict between Sustainable Development and National Interests

2025 | East Asia
Deepak Krishnakumar and C. A. Josukutty 

Climate change is among the most urgent global issues, with impacts like droughts, rising sea levels, heatwaves, and melting glaciers threatening life on Earth. Every…


The Environmental Costs of the War in Sudan

2025 | Conflict and Environment Observatory

The ongoing conflict in Sudan has profoundly impacted its environment but these consequences have received little attention. CEOBS has been monitoring the conflict’s environmental dimensions…


The Role of Land and Natural Resources in Negotiating Peace Agreements

2025 | Negotiation Journal
Saleem H. Ali, Nancy E. Boyer, Gabriela Mundaca, Lynette de Silva, Shaghayegh Jabalameli, and Jahan Taganova

Drawing on the growing genre of literature on “environmental peacebuilding,” this article develops a qualitative model of how land and natural resources (including minerals, water,…


From Françafrique to Chinafrica? Ecologically Unequal Exchange, Neocolonialism, and Environmental Conflicts in Africa

2025 | World Development
Roberto Cantoni, Marcel Llavero-Pasquina, Elia Apostolopoulou, Julien-François Gerber, Patrick Bond, and Joan Martinez-Alier

Africa stands out as the continent where the legacies of colonialism and the ongoing dynamics of neo- and post-colonialism are felt most profoundly. In its…


Building Critical Minerals Cooperation between the United States and the Democratic Republic of Congo

2025 | Center for Strategic and International Studies
Gracelin Baskaran

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is one of the world’s most resource-rich countries, and in 2024, it attracted the largest volume of mineral…


Gold and the War in Sudan

2025 | Chatham House
Ahmed Soliman and Suliman Baldo

The gold trade connects Sudan’s civil war to the wider region and highlights the roles that commodities play in perpetuating violent conflict. Even before the…


Climate, Peace, and Security in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

2025 | Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
Katongo Seyuba

Local communities in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) face the combined challenge of climate change and violent conflict, which exacerbates vulnerabilities, poverty, displacement and human insecurity. This SIPRI Insights Paper examines…


Peace Engineering in Practice: China’s Energy Diplomacy Strategy and Its Global Implications

2023 | Sustainability
Lin Liang, Lei Jin, Gurpreet Singh Selopal, and Federico Rosei

As the world’s largest energy importer, consumer and with the second-largest economy, China is heavily dependent on fossil fuels. Massive energy imports make China a…


Natural Resource Dependence and War Nexus: New Insights

2025 | Defence and Peace Economics
Farah al Shami, Mahmoud Arayssi, Walid Marrouch, and Nagham Sayour

This paper examines the channels through which resource dependence affects the probability of war. The authors consider all types of war within a worldwide panel…


Peace, Propaganda, and Natural Resources: The Geoeconomics of Rwandan Peacekeeping in Mozambique and Implications for European and African Regionalism Projects

2023 | Peace Review
Kaitlyn Rabe

Since the end of the genocide in Rwanda, the small nation has solidified its reputation as an economic powerhouse among African countries, as well as…


Environmental Peacebuilding, Indigenous Epistemologies and Experience: Learning from Ruptures and Resilience in Solomon Islands

2025 | Asia Pacific Viewpoint
David Gegeo, Lincy Pendeverana, Mary Tahu Paia, Jack Maebuta, Anouk Ride, and Transform Aqorau

Environmental peacebuilding, as a construct and practice, holds potential to recognise environmental conflicts and respond to them; however, indigenous perspectives can be obscured in its…


Fires as Collateral or Means of War: Challenges of Environmental Peacebuilding in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

2024 | Ecology and Society
Lina Eklund and Pinar Dinc

The patterns, frequency and intensity of vegetation fires are often studied from biophysical perspectives, outlining the impacts of climate, vegetation, and proximity to human settlements…


Transforming Environmental Peacebuilding: Addressing Extractivism in Building Climate Resilient Peace

2024 | Ecology and Society
Barbara Magalhaes Teixeira and Christie J. Nicoson

The authors examined the role of anti-extractivism as environmental peacebuilding through a conflict transformation framework. Environmental peacebuilding aims to foster peace through addressing environmental issues…


Midterm Report of the Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2024 | United Nations Security Council

Persistent violence in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo affected the security and humanitarian situation. The conflict continued to have a negative impact on regional…


Harmonising Biodiversity and Climate Action with a Peace Lens in Latin America and the Caribbean

2024 | adelphi global
Hector Morales Munoz and Lais Clemente Pereira

Biodiversity conservation plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges climate change and environmental degradation pose to human security and peace. This practical note explores…


Functioning of the Energy Sector under Crisis Conditions—A Polish Perspective

2024 | Energies
Joanna Florek, Ryszard Staniszewski, Dorota Czerwin ́ska-Kayzer, and Dariusz Kayzer

In the context of the coronavirus pandemic and the armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine, energy security is essential to economic challenges nowadays. The basis…


Conflicts over Harnessing of Diamond Resources in Marange Communal Area, Eastern Zimbabwe, 2006–2015 (chapter in "Natural Resource-Based Conflicts in Rural Zimbabwe")

2024 | Taylor & Francis
Mathew Ruguwa

This chapter examines local-level conflicts over the exploitation of diamond resources in the Marange communal area of eastern Zimbabwe during the period from 2006 to…


Costs of Company-Community Conflict in the Extractive Sector

2014 | Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative
Rachel Davis and Daniel Franks

Over the past decade, high mineral and energy commodity prices have driven expansion of the extractive sector. Mineral and energy developments profoundly transform environments, communities…


Silence Is Golden: A Report on the Exploitation of Artisanal Gold Miners to Fund War, Terrorism and Organised Crime.

2024 | World Gold Council
Dominic Raab

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) provides income for millions of people in over 80 countries across the world. On some estimates, 80% of ASGM…


Commodities as Weapons: How Russia's Natural Resources are Fuelling Its Imperialistic Aggression against the West

2024 | Macdonald Laurier
Sergey Sukhankin

Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 caused a series of economic and geopolitical shocks that have jolted the world’s economy and security. However,…


A Peace-Positive Approach to Natural Resource Management in the Liptako Gourma

2024 | European Institute of Peace

Disputes over the ownership of, access to, and benefits from natural resources such as land for farming or itinerant livestock herding, water points, mineral resources,…


Rethinking Climate Conflicts: The Role of Climate Action and Inaction

2024 | World Development
Tobias Ide

The climate-conflict nexus has attracted significant academic and policy interest, but such discussions are often based on a narrow conception of the phenomenon. This article…


Commodities as Weapons: How Russia’s Natural Resources Are Fuelling Its Imperialistic Aggression against the West

2024 | Macdonald-Laurier Institute
Sergey Sukhankin

Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 caused a series of economic and geopolitical shocks that have jolted the world’s economy and security. However,…


Weathering Risk - Strengthening Peace and Resilience in a Changing Climate: Nine Global Trends and Opportunities. Synthesis Report

2024 | adelphi
Alexandra Steinkraus, Janani Vivekananda, Emma Whitaker, Mary Potts, and Nina Schmelzer

The Weathering Risk synthesis report identifies nine pressing global climate security trends and opportunities based on 43 case studies, assessments, mapping exercises and scenario-based analyses…


Where Are They and Who Are the Peasant Women of the South? The Double Invisibilisation of Women Working on the Land

2024 | Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Martina Di, Paula Lopez

Through socio-environmental and eco-territorial conflicts, we seek to investigate the conception of peasantry as a contextualized identity, with an unequivocal feminist approach. The peasant subject…


Conflict Minerals: Peace and Security in Democratic Republic of the Congo Have Not Improved with SEC Disclosure Rule

2024 | US Government Accountability Office

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, enacted in 2010, noted that the trade of conflict minerals was helping to finance violent conflict…


Conceptualizing Sand Extractivism: Deconstructing an Emerging Resource Frontier

2021 | The Extractive Industries and Society
Arpita Bisht

Since the mid-twentieth century, the extraction and consumption of mineral aggregates (i.e., sand and gravel) has grown at a higher rate and on a larger…


Slow Violence in Mining and Crude Oil Extractive Frontiers: The Overlooked Resource Curse in the Colombian Internal Armed Conflict

2022 | The Extractive Industries and Society
Irene Vélez-Torres and Fabián Méndez

Geographies of extraction have often been marked by poor economic growth, dispossession and armed conflicts, leading to the idea that resource abundance can be a…