The Grammar of Rivers: Choosing Cooperation over Conflict in the Indus

Jan 6, 2026 | Rajeev Kumar Jha
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Geography and its ecosystems uniquely shape the connections and boundaries that define regions. While society may seek to define itself through religion, culture, language, race, or other distinctions, the fundamental principles of ecology persist, reminding us of our limitations as human beings in addressing these enduring realities. The narrative of the Indus River, known in some contexts as Sindhu, is a powerful illustration of these connections. This majestic river flows predominantly between the nations of India and Pakistan, originating from the beautiful yet rugged Tibetan Autonomous Region, under Chinese administration. Historically, the Indus has served as a life source for countless civilisations, granting its name to the country of India and closely intertwining with the ancient Hindu civilisation that flourished along its banks thousands of years ago.

In April 2025, the Indus returned to the centre of regional geopolitics. Following the tragic Pahalgam attack that claimed 26 lives, India placed the Indus Waters Treaty in abeyance—pausing its implementation without formally withdrawing from it. Signed in Karachi in 1960 with World Bank mediation, the treaty has long been regarded as one of the most durable water-sharing arrangements in the world. This pause is unprecedented. Since the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, the treaty had survived wars, political ruptures, and prolonged hostility. Its suspension carries profound implications for millions whose food security, livelihoods, and ecosystems are bound to the Indus basin.